Range of Masses

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−40	4.2×10−40 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)[citation needed]
10−36	1.8×10−36 kg	One eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt[2]
	3.6×10−36 kg	Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)[3]
10−31	9.11×10−31 kg	Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass[4]
10−30	3.0–5.5×10−30 kg.	Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)[5]
10−28	1.9×10−28 kg	Muon (106 MeV/c2)[6]
10−27 yoctogram (yg)	1.661×10−27 kg	Atomic mass unit (u) or dalton (Da)
	1.673×10−27 kg	Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)[7][8]
	1.674×10−27 kg	Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
	1.675×10−27 kg	Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)[9][10]
10−26	1.2×10−26 kg	Lithium atom (6.941 u)
	3.0×10−26 kg	Water molecule (18.015 u)
	8.0×10−26 kg	Titanium atom (47.867 u)
10−25	1.1×10−25 kg	Copper atom (63.546 u)
	1.6×10−25 kg	Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)[11]
	3.1×10−25 kg	Top quark (173 GeV/c2),[12] the heaviest known elementary particle
	3.2×10−25 kg	Caffeine molecule (194 u)
	3.5×10−25 kg	Lead-208 atom, the heaviest stable isotope known

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−24 zeptogram (zg)	1.2×10−24 kg	Buckyball molecule (720 u)
10−23	1.4×10−23 kg	Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)[13]
	5.5×10−23 kg	A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ~= 33 kDa)[14]
10−22	1.1×10−22 kg	Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)[15]
10−21 attogram (ag)	1.65×10−21 kg	Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995,000 daltons)[16]
	4.3×10−21 kg	Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)[17]
	7.1×10−21 kg	Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)[17]
	7.6×10−21 kg	Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)[18]
10−20	3×10−20 kg	Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)[19]
	6.8×10−20 kg	Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)[20]
10−19	1.1×10−19 kg	Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)[21]
	2.5×10−19 kg	Human adenovirus (150 MDa)[22]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−18 femtogram (fg)	1×10−18 kg	HIV-1 virus[23][24]
	4.7×10−18 kg	DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the length of the E. coli genome[25]
10−17	~1×10−17 kg	Vaccinia virus, a large virus[26]
	1.1×10−17 kg	Mass equivalent of 1 joule[27]
10−16	3×10−16 kg	Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)[28] photosynthetic organism on Earth[29][30]
10−15 picogram (pg)	1×10−15 kg	E. coli bacterium (wet weight)[31]
	6×10−15 kg	DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14	2.2×10−14 kg	Human sperm cell[30][32]
	6×10−14 kg	Yeast cell (quite variable)[33][34]
10−13	1.5×10−13 kg	Dunaliella salina, a green algae (dry weight)[35]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−12 nanogram (ng)	1×10−12 kg	Average human cell (1 nanogram)[36]
	2–3×10−12 kg	HeLa human cell[37][38]
	8×10−12 kg	Grain of birch pollen[39]
10−11
10−10	2.5×10−10 kg	Grain of maize pollen[40]
	3.5×10−10 kg	Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9 microgram (µg)	3.6×10−9 kg	Human ovum[30][41]
	2.4×10−9 kg	US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults[42]
10−8	1.5×10−8 kg	US RDA for vitamin D for adults[43]
	~2×10−8 kg	Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 µg)[citation needed]
	2.2×10−8 kg	Planck mass[44]
	~7×10−8 kg	One eyebrow hair (approximate)[45]
10−7	1.5×10−7 kg	US RDA for iodine for adults[46]
	2–3×10−7 kg	Fruit fly (dry weight)[47][48]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−6 milligram (mg)	2.5×10−6 kg	Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams)[49]
10−5 centigram (cg)	1.1×10−5 kg	Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)[50]
	2×10−5 kg	Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)[51]
10−4 decigram (dg)	0.27–2.0×10−4 kg	Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)[52]
	2×10−4 kg	Metric carat (200 milligrams)[53]
10−3 gram (g)	1×10−3 kg	One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)[54]
	1×10−3 kg	US dollar bill (1 gram)[55]
	~1×10−3 kg	Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)[56]
	8×10−3 kg	Coins of one Euro (7.5 grams)[57] and one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)[58]
10−2 decagram (dag)	2–4×10−2 kg	Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)[59]
	1.37×10−2 kg	Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)[60]
	2.8×10−2 kg	Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.35 grams)[53]
	4.7×10−2 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy that is called 1 megaton of TNT equivalent[53][61]
10−1 hectogram   (hg)	0.1-0.2 kg	An orange (100–200 grams)[62]
	0.454 kg	Pound (avoirdupois) (454 grams)[53]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1 kg kilogram (kg)	1 kg	One litre (0.001 m3) of water[63]
	1–3 kg	Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)[64]
	1–3 kg	Typical laptop computer, 2010[65]
	2.5–4 kg	Newborn human baby[66]
	4.0 kg	Women’s shot[67]
	4–5 kg	Housecat[citation needed]
	7.26 kg	Men’s shot[67]
101	9–27 kg	Medium-sized dog[68][69][70]
	10–30 kg	A CRT computer monitor or television set[citation needed]
	70 kg	Adult human[71]
	70 kg	Large dog[citation needed]
102	130–180 kg	Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)[72]
	240–450 kg	Grand piano[73][74]
	400–900 kg	Dairy cow[75]
	500-500,000 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)[76][77]
	907.2 kg	1 short ton (2000 pounds – U.S.)[53]
103 megagram (Mg)	1000 kg	Metric ton/tonne[53]
	1000 kg	1 cubic metre of water[63]
	1016.05 kg	Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds – U.S.)[53]
	800–1600 kg	Typical passenger cars[citation needed]
	3000–7000 kg	Adult elephant[citation needed]
104	1.1×104 kg	Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)[78]
	1.2×104 kg	Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)[citation needed]
	1.4×104 kg	Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)[79]
	4×104 kg	Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)[80]
	6.0×104 kg	Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)[81]
	7.3×104 kg	Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[82]
105	1.8×105 kg	Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)[83]
	4.2×105 kg	International Space Station (417 tonnes)[84]
	6×105 kg	World’s heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)[85]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
106 gigagram (Gg)	1×106 kg	Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)[86]
	2.0×106 kg	Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)[87]
	6×106 kg	Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)[88]
	7.8×106 kg	Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)[89]
107	1×107 kg	Annual production of Darjeeling tea[90]
	5.2×107 kg	RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)[91]
	9.97×107 kg	Heaviest train ever: Australia’s BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)[92]
108	6.6×108 kg	Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)[93]
109 teragram (Tg)	4.3×109 kg	Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second[94]
	6×109 kg	Great Pyramid of Giza[95]
1010	6×1010 kg	Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest concrete structure[96][97]
1011	~1×1011 kg	The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe[98]
	2×1011 kg	Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)[99]
	4×1011 kg	Total mass of the human world population[71][100][101]
	5×1011 kg	Total biomass of Antarctic krill, probably the most plentiful animal species on the planet[102]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1012 petagram (Pg)	0.8–2.1×1012 kg	Global biomass of fish[103]
	4×1012 kg	World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)[104]
	5.5×1012 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)[105]
1013	1–100×1013 kg	A 1–5 km tall mountain (very approximate)[106]
1014	1.05×1014 kg	Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth[107]
	7.2×1014 kg	Total carbon stored in Earth’s atmosphere[108]
1015 exagram (Eg)	2.0×1015 kg	Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere[109]
	3.5×1015 kg	Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide[110]
1016	1×1016 kg	951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)[111]
	1×1016 kg	Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.[112]
	3.8×1016 kg	Total carbon stored in the oceans.[113]
1017	1.6×1017 kg	Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn‘s F Ring[114]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1018 zettagram  (Zg)	5.1×1018 kg	Earth’s atmosphere[115]
	5.6×1018 kg	Hyperion, a moon of Saturn[114]
1019	3×1019 kg	3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt[116]
	3×1019 kg	The rings of Saturn[117]
1020	9.4×1020 kg	Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt[118]
1021 yottagram  (Yg)	1.4×1021 kg	Earth’s oceans[119]
	1.5×1021 kg	Charon, the largest moon of Pluto[120]
	2.9–3.7×1021 kg	The asteroid belt[121]
1022	1.3×1022 kg	Pluto[120]
	2.1×1022 kg	Triton, largest moon of Neptune[122]
	7.3×1022 kg	Earth’s Moon[123]
1023	1.3×1023 kg	Titan, largest moon of Saturn[124]
	1.5×1023 kg	Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter[125]
	3.3×1023 kg	Mercury[126]
	6.4×1023 kg	Mars[127]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1024	4.9×1024 kg	Venus[128]
	6.0×1024 kg	Earth[129]
1025	3×1025 kg	Oort cloud[130]
	8.7×1025 kg	Uranus[131]
1026	1.0×1026 kg	Neptune[132]
	5.7×1026 kg	Saturn[133]
1027	1.9×1027 kg	Jupiter[134]
1028	2–14×1028 kg	Brown dwarfs (approximate)[135]
1029	3×1029 kg	Barnard’s Star, a nearby red dwarf[136]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1030	2×1030 kg	The Sun[137] (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.989×1030 kg)
	2.8×1030 kg	Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 M☉)[138][139]
1031	4×1031 kg	Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)[140]
1032	2–3×1032 kg	Pistol Star, one of the most massive known stars (100[141] to 150[142] M☉)
	6–8×1032 kg	Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)[143]
1033	1.6×1033 kg	Pleiades star cluster (800 M☉)[144]
1034
1035	~1035 kg	Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 3×106 M☉)[145]
	2×1035 kg	Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)[146][147]
	7.3×1035 kg	Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100K and density 30 atoms per cc;[148] possible example: Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1036	2.4×1036 kg	The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106 M☉)[149]
	7–8×1036 kg	The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106 M☉)[150]
1037
1038
1039
1040	4.17×1040 kg	NGC 4889, the largest measured supermassive black hole, weighing in at 21 billion solar masses (2.1×1010 M☉)
1041	4×1041 kg	Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy[151]

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1042	1.2×1042 kg	Milky Way galaxy (5.8×1011 M☉)[152]
	2–3×1042 kg	Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012 M☉)[152]
1043
1044
1045	1–2×1045 kg	Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015 M☉)[153]
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052	6×1052 kg	Mass of the observable universe[154]